Bekhouche, Naima2025-11-232025-11-232025http://dspace.univ-oeb.dz:4000/handle/123456789/22643It ismypleasure to present to the dearstudentsat the universitylevel, alongwith all researchers and thoseinterested in the subject of the environment, the fruit of the modest effort represented by this publication, whichis the juice of scientificexperiencethatextends for more thantenyears in teachingthisuniversitycourse.Thestudy of ecology and the problemsassociatedwithit and masteringitsunderstanding and awarenesstowardsit , has becomenecessary for the universitystudent, as heis the strongest candidate to lead the environmentalawarenessprocess in society, sothisworkrepresents an attempt to understand and convince the reader , whether a universitystudent or not, of the fundamental importance of the environment and the greatness of the services itprovides to all humanity on the one hand and the seriousness of the problemswe cause to it on the other hand. Our publication includes a collection of intensive directedworks to help the student. It deals with the most important basics of ecology, not all of them, due to the lack of time allocated for the second semester. We have presentedmost of themextensively, in answer to questions, and weleft the details and expansion of the enrichment of the material for the student's self-readings. In the latest publication, we have proven the referencesthatwe have adopted in itspreparation, and webelievethatthey are useful for enrichinghis information. Immediatelyafterthis introduction, the studentlearns about ecology : its concept, whatitstudies, its importance at the moment, and itsrelationshipwithother sciences. He will know whywe care about the environment and the need to preserveit. He willbewellacquaintedwith the meaning and concept of the environment, its components, and its divisions. It learns about the environment of groups, whattheymean, their concept. To complete the topics of ecology and group ecology, the studentwilllearn about the biosphere, the " environment of life" and its living and non-living components, and biogeochemical cycles. The natural, permanent, renewable and non-renewableresources of the environment, and in connectionwith the last task (sustainability of naturalresources), the studentwilllearn about the ecosystem, the biosynthesis of naturalecosystems, living organisms, food cycles and relationships . He willalsolearn about environmentalfactors, their living and living divisions, including : heat, light, water, soil and its components, in addition to the determiningfactors, and endurance levels. Eachguidedwork of this publication ends with a series of questions of various styles in the form of calendars, the purpose of whichis to renew the mindset of the student – or the reader in general – and to stimulate the desire for discussion and recall and review of topics. This question paragraphisvery important to gauge the student'slevel of understanding and comprehension of the content of the topicspresented. Of course, suchtopics continue to raise more scientific questions thanthoselistedhere. I hopethatmyshare of this publication willbe for the universitylibrary and itsstudents. Myhopeisthatitwillbe a modestscientific addition thatwillimproveitsdegrees for the benefit of all people.enEcosystem ;Autecology ; Abiotic factors;Ecological valence ; Soil texture triangle; Homotypiques; Food chain; BiomassPyramid; Carbon Cycle DiagramOther