علوم الطبيعة والحياة

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    Bee and Fish Parasite
    (University of Oum El Bouaghi, 2024) Tolba, Mounia
    This university course intended for Master 1, Parasitologystudents, written by Dr. Tolba Mounia. covers major parasites affectinghoneybees and farmedfish. Bee Parasites • Varroa destructor: A mite causingvarroosis. It feeds on hemolymph, reproduces in broodcells, transmitsviruses (e.g., DWV), and weakens colonies. Control involves screening and monitoring infestation rates. • Aethinatumida (Small HiveBeetle):Larvae damage brood, honey, and frames. Adults can fly long distances. Prevention relies on colony inspection and traps. • Tropilaelapsspp.: Mites thatexclusivelyfeed on brood (cannot survive on adultbees). They cause malformedbees and rapidcolonydecline, especially in warm climates. • Nosemosis (Nosema apis and N. ceranae):Microsporidian parasites infectingadultbee intestines. Spores cause dysentery, reducedforaging, and colonyweakening. Prevention includeshygiene, dry sunnyapiaries, and equipmentdisinfection. Fish Parasites • Protozoa: Example Cryptobiaiubilans (flagellate) causes intestinal inflammation, granulomas, and “hole-in-the-head” disease in cichlids. • Monogenea (Platyhelminthes): Gyrodactylusderjavini attaches to skin, fins, and gills, causinglesions and respiratory issues. Direct life cycle. • Nematodes: Hysterothylacium spp. (larvae in crustaceans, adults in fish); generally not pathogenic to humans. Morphological and reproductive featuresdescribed. • Cestodes: Bothriocephalusacheilognathi (Asian tapeworm) infects cyprinids, causing intestinal damage, reducedgrowth, and mortality. Life cycle involvescopepods as intermediate hosts. • Acanthocephala:Hookedworms living in fishgut; needarthropodintermediate hosts; generallylowpathogenicity but can cause intestinal lesions. • Annelids (Hirudinea/leeches): Cause anemia, skin ulcers, and secondary infections; can transmit trypanosomes. The course emphasizesdiagnosis (microscopy, grossexamination), life cycles, pathology, and prevention/control measures.