قسم علوم الطبيعة والحياة

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Browsing قسم علوم الطبيعة والحياة by Author "Tolba, Mounia"

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    Diagnose of parasites
    (University of Oum El Bouaghi, 2025) Tolba, Mounia
    This document is a university course on the diagnosis of parasites, intended for 3rd-year Bachelorstudents in Parasitology, written by Dr. Tolba Mounia. It covers the morphological, anatomical, and classificatorycharacteristics of major parasitic groups, withemphasis on diagnostic features and life cycles. Introduction The course highlights the global burden of parasitic infections (e.g., Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Schistosomiasis, Filariasis, Echinococcosis). It notes thatincreasedtravel, immigration, blood transfusions, and organ transplants have spread thesediseases to non-endemic areas. Diagnosisremainschallenging, relyingheavily on microscopy, thoughmolecularmethods (real-time PCR, LAMP) and serologicalassays are advancing. ChapterI:Protozoa (KingdomProtista) • General characteristics:Unicellular, eukaryotic; locomotion by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia; reproduction asexual (binary fission, budding, schizogony) and sexual (gametogenesis, conjugation). • Classification: o Rhizopoda (Amoebae): Move by pseudopods; examples Entamoeba histolytica (amoebicdysentery), E. coli (non-pathogenic). o Zooflagellates:IncludesTrypanosomatidae (Leishmania, Trypanosoma), Trichomonadids (Trichomonas vaginalis), Diplomonadids (Giardia intestinalis). o Ciliophora (Ciliates): Covered withcilia; Balantidium coli (pathogenic to humans and pigs). o Apicomplexa (Sporozoa):Intracellular parasites; apical complex for host cellpenetration. IncludesGregarines, Coccidia (Eimeria, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium), and Hemosporidia (Plasmodium speciescausing malaria). ChapterII:Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) • Class Turbellaria:Mostly free-living, ciliatedepidermis, acoelomate; example Planaria. • Class Cestodes (Tapeworms): o Taeniasolium, Taeniasaginata: scolex with suckers/hooks, strobile of proglottids, hermaphroditic. o Classification of carnivore cestodes:Taeniidae (Taenia, Echinococcus), Dilepididae (Dipylidiumcaninum), Mesocestoididae. o Life cycle, diagnosis (eggmorphology, proglottid identification), treatment (praziquantel, niclosamide), prophylaxis. • Class Trematodes (Flukes): o Example Fasciolahepatica:leaf-shaped, two suckers, hermaphroditic, complex life cycle involvingintermediate host (snail Limnea). o Digestive, excretory (protonephridia), nervous, and reproductive systemsdescribed. o Monogeneans (single host) vs. Digeneans (multiple hosts). • ClassNematodes / Roundworms) : • General anatomy:Cylindrical body, cuticle, pseudocoelom, complete digestive tract, separate sexes (sexualdimorphism). • Integument:Cuticlewith moults; epidermalcords. • Musculature: Longitudinal myoepithelialcells. • Digestive system:Mouthwithlips or hooks, esophagus, intestine, rectum, anus. • Excretorysystem:Glandular (renettes) or tubular (lateralcanals). • Nervoussystem:Peri-oesophageal ring with nerve cords. • Reproductive system: Male (testis, seminalvesicle, cloaca, copulatory spicules) and female (ovaries, oviducts, uteri, vagina). • Development: Five larval stages with four moults. Diagnostic Techniques Mentioned • Microscopy (stoolexamination, bloodsmears, Graham scotch test, biopsy). • Molecularmethods (PCR, LAMP). • Serologicalassays (ELISA, immunofluorescence, etc.). • Coproscopy (egg and cyst identification)
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    Protozoaire et métazoaires parasites
    (University of Oum El Bouaghi, 2024) Tolba, Mounia
    This document is a parasitology course intended for 3rd-year Bachelorstudents, written by Dr. Tolba Mounia. It beginswith an introduction to parasitology, coveringdefinitions of animal associations (phoresis, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, predation), host-parasite relationships (specificity, physiological, morphological, immunological and behavioral adaptations), parasite effects on hosts, host defenses, and biological cycles (direct or indirect). The course thendetails the classification and study of numerousparasites: 1. ParasiticProtozoa: o Sarcomastigophora:Trypanosoma (trypanosomiasis/sleeping sickness), Leishmania (visceral and cutaneousleishmaniasis), Giardia (giardiasis), Trichomonas (trichomoniasis). o Apicomplexa: Plasmodium (malaria), Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), Eimeria (coccidiosis). o Sarcodina: Entamoeba histolytica (intestinal and hepaticamoebiasis). o Ciliates:Balantidium coli (balantidiasis). 2. ParasiticMetazoa: o Platyhelminthes:Trematodes (Fasciolahepatica, Schistosomahaematobium) and Cestodes (Taeniasaginata, T. solium, Echinococcusgranulosus, Diphyllobothriumlatum). o Nemathelminthes (Nematodes):Enterobiusvermicularis, Trichuristrichiura, Trichinella spiralis, Ankylostomaduodenale, Necatoramericanus, Ascaris lumbricoides. o Arthropods:Insects (Anoplura: lice; Siphonaptera: fleas; Diptera: mosquitoes of genera Aedes and Culex). Each parasite isdescribed in terms of morphology, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis.
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    Zoonoses
    (University of Oum El Bouaghi, 2025) Tolba, Mounia
    This document is a university course on parasitic zoonoses intended for Master 2 students in Parasitology, written by Dr. Tolba Mounia.It definesparasitic zoonoses as diseasesnaturallytransmittedbetweenvertebrateanimals and humans. The course beginswith a detailed classification of parasitic zoonoses basedon: • Etiologicalagents:protozoanoses, trematodoses, cestodoses, nematodoses. • Transmission cycle: direct zoonoses, cyclozoonoses (obligatory or non-obligatory), metazoonoses (types I–IV), saprozoonoses (includingsaproanthropozoonoses, saproamphixenoses, saprometanthropozoonoses). • Reservoirhosts: anthropozoonoses, zooanthropozoonoses, amphixenoses. • Main host involved:livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs, fish, dogs, cats), wildlife. • Transmission route:food-borne, vector-borne, waterborne, soil-borne, rawvegetables. The course thencovers major parasitic zoonoses in detail: Protozoal zoonoses • Africantrypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness / Nagana): Trypanosomabruceigambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, transmitted by tsetseflies. Clinicalsigns in humansinclude chancre, fever, lymphadenopathy, meningoencephalitis. Diagnosis by bloodsmear, CSF examination;treatmentwitharsenicals; prophylaxisincludesvector control. • Intestinal giardiasis: Giardia intestinalis (direct cycle). Symptoms:diarrhea, abdominal pain. Diagnosis by stool exam (cysts/trophozoites);treatmentwithmetronidazole; preventionthroughhygiene. • Amoebiasis: Entamoeba histolytica. Cycle includescysts and trophozoites (minuta and histolytica forms). Causes intestinal amoebicdysentery and hepaticabscess. Diagnosis by stool exam or serology;treatmentwithmetronidazole; prevention by hygiene and sanitation. Nematode zoonoses • Hookwormdisease (Ancylostomaduodenale, Necatoramericanus): Transmission via skin penetration of L3 larvae. Causes dermatitis, pulmonarysymptoms, anemia. Diagnosis by stooleggcount;treatmentwithbenzimidazoles; prevention: wearingshoes, sanitation. • Enterobiasis (Enterobiusvermicularis): Anal pruritus, direct transmission. Diagnosis by Graham scotch test;treatmentwithmebendazole or pyrantel. • Trichuriasis (Trichuristrichiura):Oftenasymptomatic; massive infections cause colitis, rectal prolapse, anemia. Diagnosis by characteristiclemon-shapedeggs;treatmentwithbenzimidazoles. Trematode zoonoses • Fascioliasis (Fasciolahepatica):Liverfluke of herbivores and humans. Intermediatehost: Limnea snail. Transmission by ingestion of metacercariae on aquatic plants. Symptoms:hepaticcolic, jaundice, hypereosinophilia. Treatment:triclabendazole; control: molluscicides, hygiene. • Schistosomiasis (Schistosomahaematobium, S. mansoni, etc.): Causes urogenital or intestinal bilharzia. Intermediatehost: Bulinus or Planorbis snails. Transmission by furcocercariaepenetrating skin. Symptoms:hematuria, hepatosplenomegaly. Treatment: praziquantel; prevention: avoidcontaminated water. Cestode zoonoses • Diphyllobothriasis (Diphyllobothriumlatum): Fish tapeworm. Requirestwointermediate hosts (crustacean and fish). Transmission by eatingraw/undercookedfreshwaterfish. Symptoms: digestive disorders, rare megaloblasticanemia. Prevention: cooking or freezingfish. • Echinococcosis (Echinococcusgranulosus):Hydatidcystdisease. Definitivehosts:canids (dogs); intermediate hosts: sheep, humans. Transmission by ingestion of eggsfrom dog feces. Cystsdevelop in liver, lungs. Treatment:surgery + albendazole; prevention: dewormingdogs, hygiene. The course concludeswithgeneralprevention and control strategies:healtheducation, environmentalsanitation, safefood and water, vector control, regulardeworming of reservoir hosts, and surveillance.